Городище Отрар
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Опубликовано 04.04.2008 17:22
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Автор: Supreme One
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Просмотров: 19758
«Путник! Перед тобой развалины города-крепости, задержавшего на полгода у своих стен полчища Чингисхана от наступления на Среднюю Азию и Закавказье, Великую Русь и восточно-европейские страны, оказывавшего героическое сопротивление иноземным захватчикам и в последующие века», гласит надпись на чугунной плите, установленной у въезда на территорию Отрарского археологического музея-заповедника. Отрар – один из крупнейших средневековых городов, расположенных на Великом Шелковом Пути. Развалины города под названием Отрар-тобе находятся неподалёку от впадения Арыси в Сырдарью, 15 км. западнее станции Тимур. В городище Отрара в наши дни можно найти множество уникальных свидетельств, относящихся к эпохе Великого Шелкового пути и более ранним векам. Это и мечеть Отрара, и гончарная слобода, и другие найденные археологами остатки древних сооружений. Весь комплекс археологических раскопок сегодня имеет общее название «Отрарский оазис» и в ближайшем будущем готовится стать одним из наиболее ярких достопримечательностей турпакета Казахстана.
Первое городское поселение на месте Отрара датируется 2 веком до нашей эры. Его основателями были кангюйцы. В 5-15 вв. Отрар важный торговый пункт на пути из Ирана и Средней Азии в Сибирь, Монголию и Китай. О городе сохранилось много сведений в письменных источниках. В них наряду с именем Отрар встречается и другое – Фараб, что означает «город за рекой». Под этим названием он был известен в Маверанахре, так как находился от него за рекой Сыр-Дарьёй. Отрар – родина великого ученого и философа средневековья Абу Наср ибн Мухаммеда, вошедшего в историю под именем Аль-Фараби (из Фараба). Этот мыслитель родился в 870 и умер в 950 году. За философскую глубину и энциклопедичность познаний Аль-Фараби еще при жизни прозвали Вторым после Аристотеля учителем человечества. Его трактат о классификации наук открывал путь к познанию на века вперед. Недаром все пришедшие после него великие ученые – Авиценна, аль-Бируни, аш-Ширази, Махмуд Кашгари, Юсуф Баласагуни, Улугбек – считали себя его учениками.
В 1218 году в Отраре по приказу наместника хорезмшаха Мухаммеда были убиты послы Чингисхана, что послужило поводом к вторжению монголо-татар в Среднюю Азию. Это событие известно в истории Востока под названием «Отрарской трагедии» (или «Отрарской катастрофы») 1218 года. В феврале 1220 года, после длительной осады город был взят монголо-татарским войском. Все защитники крепости были уничтожены, а сама крепость срыта с землёй. Однако спустя десятилетия Отрар был восстановлен и прославился как центр по чеканке монет. Во время завоевательных походов Тимура в 1380-1405 годах, город являлся одной из его военных баз. В 1405 году Тимур готовился к походу в Китай и, прибыв в Отрар, неожиданно умер.
Впоследствии борьбу за город вели казахские и узбекские феодалы, и лишь в XVI веке он окончательно перешел в руки казахских правителей.
История Отрара, как и история многих других центров торговли и ремесел в Средней Азии закончилась печально – город перестал существовать. Правда, в отличие от большинства городов, разоренных и уничтоженных еще в средние века, Отрар просуществовал вплоть до конца 18 века, когда его население, устав от постоянных междоусобных и межплеменных войн, покинуло город навсегда.
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